ÏÐÎÒÈÂÎÒÐÎÌÁÎÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÏÐÎÔÈËÀÊÒÈÊÀ ÏÎÂÒÎÐÍÛÕ ÏÐÅÝÊËÀÌÏÑÈÉ Ó ÆÅÍÙÈÍ Ñ ÒÐÎÌÁÎÔÈËÈÅÉ
Æóðàâëåâà Å.Â. Äàòà ïóáëèêàöèè íà ñàéòå: 2014-08-14 Äîñòóïíà òàêæå â ïå÷àòíîé âåðñèè æóðíàëà Ðåçþìå | Ïîëíûé òåêñò | Ñêà÷àòü â PDF Àêóøåðñòâî, ãèíåêîëîãèÿ è ðåïðîäóêöèÿ. 2014; N2: c.11-16
Ðåçþìå:
Öåëü èññëåäîâàíèÿ – îöåíêà ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðîòèâîòðîìáîòè÷åñêîé ïðîôèëàêòèêè ïîâòîðíûõ ÏÝ ó æåíùèí ñ òðîìáîôèëèåé. Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäû. Ïðîâåäåíî ïðîñïåêòèâíîå êëèíè÷åñêîå èññëåäîâàíèå ñ ó÷àñòèåì 66 ïàöèåíòîê ñ òðîìáîôèëèåé (ãåíåòè÷åñêîé, ïðèîáðåòåííîé èëè ñî÷åòàííîé) è ÏÝ â àíàìíåçå: 35 – îáðàòèâøèåñÿ è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä íàøèì íàáëþäåíèåì ñ ôåðòèëüíîãî öèêëà (ïîäãðóïïà Ia), è 31 – îáðàòèâøèåñÿ ê íàì óæå áóäó÷è áåðåìåííûìè (ñ 6 ïî 13 íåä. ãåñòàöèè) – IIa ïîäãðóïïà. Êîíòðîëüíóþ ãðóïïó ñîñòàâèëè 50 æåíùèí ñ íåîòÿãîùåííûì àêóøåðñêîãèíåêîëîãè÷åñêèì è òðîìáîòè÷åñêèì àíàìíåçîì. Òåðàïèÿ ïðîâîäèëàñü: ÍÌà (ýíîêñàïàðèí), âèòàìèíû ãðóïïû Â, àíòèîêñèäàíòû è ìèêðîíèçèðîâàííûé ïðîãåñòåðîí. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ: ó ïàöèåíòîê, ïîëó÷àâøèõ òåðàïèþ ñ ôåðòèëüíîãî öèêëà, òå÷åíèå áåðåìåííîñòè, àêóøåðñêèå è ïåðèíàòàëüíûå èñõîäû áûëè ëó÷øå, ÷åì â ãðóïïå ïàöèåíòîê, òåðàïèÿ êîòîðûì áûëà íà÷àòà âî âðåìÿ áåðåìåííîñòè. Çàêëþ÷åíèå: äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ïîâòîðíîé ÏÝ ïðè ïîñëåäóþùåé áåðåìåííîñòè íåîáõîäèìî íà÷èíàòü òåðàïèþ ñ ôåðòèëüíîãî öèêëà, ïðîäîëæàÿ âî âðåìÿ áåðåìåííîñòè, ðîäîâ è â ïîñëåðîäîâîì ïåðèîäå. Òåðàïèÿ äîëæíà âêëþ÷àòü ÍÌÃ, âèòàìèíû ãðóïïû Â, àíòèîêñèäàíòû è ìèêðîíèçèðîâàííûé ïðîãåñòåðîí.
ANTITHROMBOTIC PROPHYLAXIS REPEATED PREECLAMPSIA IN PATIENTS WITH THROMBOPHILIA Zhuravleva E.V.
First Moscow State Medical Sechenov University of the Ministry of Health Russian Federation
Abstract. Objective. To evaluate the efficiency of antithrombotic therapy to prevent repeated preeclampsia in patients with thrombophilia. Subject and methods. A prospective clinical study was conducted 66 patients with thrombophilia (genetic, acquired or concomitant) and with history of preeclampsia: 35 patients addressed and were followed since fertile cycle (subgroup Ia) and 31 patients addressed during pregnancy and were followed since 6-13 weeks of gestation – IIa subgroup. Control group – 50 patients without both obstetrics and gynecology and thrombotic complications in history. Therapy included LMWG (klexan), B vitamins, antioxidants and micronized progesterone. Results. The all period of pregnancy, obstetric and perinatal outcomes were better in patients receiving therapy since fertile cycle compared with group of patients whose therapy was initiated during pregnancy.Conclusion. To prevent re-PE at a subsequent pregnancy, the therapy should be start since fertile cycle, continuing during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Therapy should include LMWH, B vitamins, antioxidants and micronized progesterone.
Key words: preeclampsia, antithrombotic therapy, LMWG, thrombophilia.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïðåýêëàìïñèÿ, ïðîòèâîòðîìáîòè÷åñêàÿ ïðîôèëàêòèêà, ýíîêñàïàðèí, òðîìáîôèëèÿ.
ÃÁÎÓ ÂÏÎ «Ïåðâûé ÌÃÌÓ èìåíè È.Ì. Ñå÷åíîâà» Ìèíçäðàâà ÐÔ, Ìîñêâà
Ñïèñîê ñîêðàùåíèé
ÀÃÏ – àíòåíàòàëüíàÿ ãèáåëü ïëîäà; ÀÄÔ – àäåíîçèíäèôîñôàò; ÀÊÀ – àíòèêàðäèîëèïèíîâûå àíòèòåëà; ÀÒ III – àíòèòðîìáèí III; ÀÔÀ – àíòèôîñôîëèïèäíûå àíòèòåëà; ÀÔÑ – àíòèôîñôîëèïèäíûå àíòèòåëà; À×Ò – àêòèâèðîâàííîå ÷àñòè÷íîå òðîìáîïëàñòèíîâîå âðåìÿ; ÂÀ – âîë÷àíî÷íûé àíòèêîàãóëÿíò; ÌÍÎ – ìåæäóíàðîäíîå íîðìàëèçîâàííîå îòíîøåíèå; ÍÌà –íèçêîìîëåêóëÿðíûå ãåïàðèíû; ÏÎÍÐÏ – ïðåæäåâðåìåííàÿ îòñëîéêà íîðìàëüíî ðàñïîëîæåííîé ïëàöåíòû; ÏÝ – ïðåýêëàìïñèÿ; ÑÇÂÐÏ – ñèíäðîì çàäåðæêè âíóòðèóòðîáíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ïëîäà; ÒÀÒ – òðîìáèíàíòèòðîìáèíîâûå êîìïëåêñû; ÒÝà – òðîìáîýëàñòîãðàôèÿ; ÀÐÑ – àêòèâèðîâàííûé ïðîòåèí Ñ; PAI-1 – èíãèáèòîð àêòèâàòîðà ïëàçìèíîãåíà-1.
Ââåäåíèå
 ñîâðåìåííîì àêóøåðñòâå ñîöèàëüíî çíà÷èìîé ïðîáëåìîé ÿâëÿþòñÿ àêóøåðñêèå îñëîæíåíèÿ, êîòîðûå ïðèâîäÿò ê ïðåðûâàíèþ áåðåìåííîñòè, à òàêæå ê ïîâûøåíèþ óðîâíÿ ïåðèíàòàëüíîé è ìàòåðèíñêîé ñìåðòíîñòè [13]. Ïðåýêëàìïñèÿ – ýòî ïàòîëîãè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå, àññîöèèðîâàííîå ñ áåðåìåííîñòüþ, êîòîðîå õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ãèïåðòåíçèåé, ïðîòåèíóðèåé ïîñëå 20 íåä. ãåñòàöèîííîãî ñðîêà, âñòðå÷àþùååñÿ ïðèìåðíî â 4% (îò 1,5 äî 10%) ñëó÷àåâ âñåõ áåðåìåííîñòåé è ÿâëÿþùååñÿ îäíîé èç âåäóùèõ ïðè÷èí ìàòåðèíñêîé è ôåòàëüíîé çàáîëåâàåìîñòè è ñìåðòíîñòè [17]. ÏÝ ÿâëÿåòñÿ âàæíåéøåé ïðè÷èíîé ïåðèíàòàëüíîé çàáîëåâàåìîñòè è ñìåðòíîñòè â ìèðå [14,15,16]. Ðèñê ïåðèíàòàëüíîé ñìåðòíîñòè ïðè äàííîì çàáîëåâàíèè óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ â 5 ðàç [3]. Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî ÏÝ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðè÷èíîé 75 000 ìàòåðèíñêèõ ñìåðòåé âî âñåì ìèðå åæåãîäíî [12]. Ðàñøèðåíèå è óãëóáëåíèå çíàíèé î âîçìîæíîñòÿõ ñîâðåìåííîé ïðîôèëàêòèêè ÏÝ çàñëóæèâàþò ïðèñòàëüíîãî âíèìàíèÿ.
 80-90 ãã. ÕÕ â. îäèí çà äðóãèì áûëè îòêðûòû íåñêîëüêî ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ôîðì òðîìáîôèëèè, âêëþ÷àÿ ìóòàöèþ FV Leiden, ìóòàöèþ ïðîòðîìáèíà G20210À, ïîëèìîðôèçìû ãåíîâ, êîíòðîëèðóþùèõ ñèñòåìó ôèáðèíîëèçàPAI-1, 4G/5G, ïîëèìîðôèçìû òêàíåâîãî àêòèâàòîðà ïëàçìèíîãåíà t-ÐÀ I/D, ôèáðèíîãåíà 455 A/G, ôàêòîðà XII è ò.ä., è àíòèôîñôîëèïèäíûé ñèíäðîì (ÀÔÑ) [7,8]. Ñòàëà èçó÷àòüñÿ ðîëü ãèïåðãîìîöèñòåèíåìèè â ðàçâèòèè àòåðîòðîìáîçà è âåíîçíûõ òðîìáîýìáîëèé. Îäíîâðåìåííî èññëåäîâàëàñü ðîëü ãåíåòè÷åñêîé è ïðèîáðåòåííîé òðîìáîôèëèè â ýòèîïàòîãåíåçå íå òîëüêî òðîìáîòè÷åñêèõ, íî è òèïè÷íî àêóøåðñêèõ îñëîæíåíèé – ïðåýêëàìïñèè, íåâûíàøèâàíèÿ áåðåìåííîñòè, ñèíäðîìà çàäåðæêè ðîñòà ïëîäà (ÑÇÐÏ), àíòåíàòàëüíîé ãèáåëè ïëîäà (ÀÃÏ), ÏÎÍÐÏ, îïðåäåëÿþùèõ ïåðèíàòàëüíóþ çàáîëåâàåìîñòü è ñìåðòíîñòü [5,10,11]. Ñîãëàñíî äàííûì èññëåäîâàíèé, ïðîâåäåííûõ ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì ïðîô. À.Ä. Ìàêàöàðèÿ, à òàêæå äàííûì ìèðîâîé ëèòåðàòóðû, òàêèå àêóøåðñêèå îñëîæíåíèÿ, êàê ÏÝ, ñèíäðîì ïîòåðè ïëîäà â 70-77% ñëó÷àåâ àññîöèèðîâàíû ñ ìóëüòèãåííûìè è ñî÷åòàííûìè ôîðìàìè òðîìáîôèëèè [1,2,6,9]. Íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü ðåçóëüòàòû ìåòààíàëèçà ïîçâîëÿþò âûäåëèòü ãåíåòè÷åñêèå è ïðèîáðåòåííûå ôîðìû òðîìáîôèëèè â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíóþ ãðóïïó ôàêòîðîâ ðèñêà îñíîâíûõ àêóøåðñêèõ îñëîæíåíèé (ÏÝ, ñèíäðîì ïîòåðè ïëîäà, ñèíäðîì çàäåðæêè âíóòðèóòðîáíîãî ðîñòà ïëîäà è ïð.) [4].  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì ïåðåä íàó÷íûì ìèðîì âñòàë âîïðîñ ïîèñêà íîâûõ ôîðì ïðîôèëàêòèêè ïîâòîðíûõ îñëîæíåíèé áåðåìåííîñòè, â ò.÷. è ÏÝ. Ðÿä ó÷åíûõ (Å. Rey, Ð. Gamen, G. Fait, A. Many, M.J. Kupfermink, J.C. Gris, B. Brenner) ïðåäïðèíèìàëè òàêèå ïîïûòêè è ïîëó÷èëè âåñüìà îáíàäåæèâàþùèå ðåçóëüòàòû.
Öåëü íàøåé ðàáîòû – îöåíêà ïðîòèâîòðîìáîòè÷åñêîé ïðîôèëàêòèêè ïîâòîðíûõ ÏÝ ó æåíùèí ñ òðîìáîôèëèåé.
Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäû
Íàìè áûëî îáñëåäîâàíî 66 ïàöèåíòîê ñ òðîìáîôèëèåé (ãåíåòè÷åñêîé, ïðèîáðåòåííîé èëè ñî÷åòàííîé) è ÏÝ â àíàìíåçå, âîøåäøèõ â ïðîñïåêòèâíóþ ãðóïïó: 35 ïàöèåíòîê ñ ÏÝ â àíàìíåçå, îáðàòèâøèåñÿ è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä íàøèì íàáëþäåíèåì ñ ôåðòèëüíîãî öèêëà (ïîäãðóïïà Ia), è 31 ïàöèåíòêà ñ ÏÝ â àíàìíåçå, îáðàòèâøèåñÿ ê íàì óæå áóäó÷è áåðåìåííûìè (ñ 6 ïî 13 íåä. ãåñòàöèè) – IIa ïîäãðóïïà. Ïàöèåíòêè ïîäãðóïïû Ia áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû è êîíñóëüòèðîâàíû äî áåðåìåííîñòè, íàáëþäàëèñü â òå÷åíèå âñåãî ãåñòàöèîííîãî ñðîêà ïîñëå ðîäîðàçðåøåíèÿ. Ïàöèåíòêè ïîäãðóïïû IIà áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû äî áåðåìåííîñòè (â ðàìêàõ ðåòðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû), îäíàêî íàáëþäàëèñü ëèøü ñ ìîìåíòà èõ îáðàùåíèÿ ê íàì (óæå áóäó÷è áåðåìåííûìè, íà ñðîêàõ îò 6 äî 13 íåä.). Êîíòðîëüíóþ ãðóïïó ñîñòàâèëè 50 æåíùèí ñ íåîñëîæíåííûì òå÷åíèåì áåðåìåííîñòè, íåîòÿãîùåííûì àêóøåðñêîãèíåêîëîãè÷åñêèì è òðîìáîòè÷åñêèì àíàìíåçîì. Íà ðèñóíêå 1 ïðåäñòàâëåí àêóøåðñêèé àíàìíåç ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû.
| Ðèñóíîê 1: Àêóøåðñêèé àíàìíåç ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû. |
Èç äàííûõ äèàãðàììû âèäíî, ÷òî ñàìîé ÷àñòîé àêóøåðñêîé ïàòîëîãèåé äàííîé ãðóïïû ïàöèåíòîê ÿâëÿëèñü ÑÇÐÏ è ïðåæäåâðåìåííûå ðîäû – ó 35 ïàöèåíòîê (53%), íà âòîðîì ìåñòå ïî ÷àñòîòå – ÏÎÍÐÏ – ó 19 ïàöèåíòîê (28,8%), àíòåíàòàëüíàÿ ãèáåëü ïëîäà áûëà â àíàìíåçå 6 ïàöèåíòîê, ÷òî ñîñòàâèëî 9%, òðîìáîçû â ïîñëåðîäîâîì ïåðèîäå âñòðå÷àëèñü â àíàìíåçå 5 ïàöèåíòîê (7,6%).
Âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò òèïà äåôåêòà ãåìîñòàçà, âñåì ïàöèåíòêàì â âèäå áàçèñíîé òåðàïèè íàçíà÷àëèñü ïðîòèâîòðîìáîòè÷åñêèå ïðåïàðàòû (ñ ôåðòèëüíîãî öèêëà â ãðóïïå Ia, ñ ìîìåíòà îáðàùåíèÿ â ãðóïïå IIa). – àöåòèëñàëèöèëîâàÿ êèñëîòà 25-100 ìã â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ôóíêöèè òðîìáîöèòîâ, ÍÌà – ýíîêñàïàðèí â äîçå 0,2-1,0 ìë ïîäêîæíî (ñ íàñòóïëåíèÿ áåðåìåííîñòè â ãðóïïå Ia, ñ ìîìåíòà îáðàùåíèÿ â ãðóïïå IIa).  ðàìêàõ äîïîëíèòåëüíîé òåðàïèè âñå ïàöèåíòêè ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû ïðèíèìàëè âèòàìèíû ãðóïïû Â, ôîëèåâóþ êèñëîòó (íå ìåíåå 4 ìã â ñóò.) â êà÷åñòâå áàçèñíîé òåðàïèè (ó ïàöèåíòîê ñ ãèïåãîìîöèñòåèíåìèåé, îáóñëîâëåííîé íàëè÷èåì ìóòàöèè MTHFR), ïîëèíåíàñûùåííûå æèðíûå êèñëîòû (îìåãà 3, îìåãà 6). Ïåðåä íàçíà÷åíèåì ÍÌà îáÿçàòåëüíî ïðîèçâîäèëîñü ÓÇÈ ñ öåëüþ óòî÷íåíèÿ ìàòî÷íîé ëîêàëèçàöèè ïëîäíîãî ÿéöà è îòñóòñòâèÿ ó÷àñòêîâ îòñëîéêè õîðèîíà.
Òàêæå ïåðåä íàçíà÷åíèåì ýíîêñàïàðèíà, à çàòåì ÷åðåç 10 äíåé è äàëåå ðàç â ìåñÿö ïðîâîäèëñÿ êîíòðîëü óðîâíÿ ìàðêåðîâ òðîìáîôèëèè ÒÀÒ, Ä-äèìåðà, èçìåðÿëñÿ óðîâåíü ãîìîöèñòåèíà â ïëàçìå, ôóíêöèÿ ïðîòåèíà Ñ (ïàðóñòåñò), óðîâåíü PAI-1, àãðåãàöèîííàÿ àêòèâíîñòü òðîìáîöèòîâ, ÷òî íåîáõîäèìî äëÿ âûáîðà àäåêâàòíîé äîçû ïðåïàðàòà è êîíòðîëÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè è áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ ïðåïàðàòà. Ó äàííîé ãðóïïû ïàöèåíòîê áûëà âûÿâëåíà ïðîãåñòåðîíîâàÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü (âîçìîæíàÿ ïðè÷èíà êîòîðîé – öèðêóëÿöèÿ ÀÔÀ), â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì âñå îíè ïîëó÷àëè ïðåïàðàòû ìèêðîíèçèðîâàííîãî ïðîãåñòåðîíà (200-800 âíóòðü è âàãèíàëüíî) âïëîòü äî 24 íåä. áåðåìåííîñòè. Ïðè îòñóòñòâèè êðîâÿíèñòûõ âûäåëåíèé ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ïðåïàðàò âàãèíàëüíî – áûñòðàÿ àáñîðáöèÿ, ïåðâè÷íîå ïðîõîæäåíèå ÷åðåç ýíäîìåòðèé, ñíèæåííàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ â îáùåì êðîâîòîêå è îòñóòñòâèå ñèñòåìíîãî äåéñòâèÿ íà ðàííèõ ñðîêàõ áåðåìåííîñòè. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ àñïèðèíà, òî äàííûé ïðåïàðàò íàçíà÷àëñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò öèðêóëÿöèè ÀÔÀ-êîôàêòîðîâ, ïîëèìîðôèçìà òðîìáîöèòàðíûõ ðåöåïòîðîâ è àãðåãàöèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè òðîìáîöèòîâ â ìèíè-äîçàõ 75 ìã â ñóò. È ýíîêñàïàðèí, è àöåòèëñàëèöèëîâàÿ êèñëîòà íàçíà÷àëèñü â ðàìêàõ áàçèñíîé òåðàïèè, ñ ôåðòèëüíîãî öèêëà (ïðè íàëè÷èè âûñîêèõ óðîâíåé ìàðêåðîâ òðîìáîôèëèè), äëèòåëüíîñòü è äîçû ïðåïàðàòîâ êîððåêòèðîâàëèñü â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñòåïåíè ðèñêà òðîìáîòè÷åñêèõ îñëîæíåíèé.
ÍÌà ïðèìåíÿëèñü ïîäêîæíî 1-2 ðàçà â ñóò. â íåïðåðûâíîì ðåæèìå â òå÷åíèå âñåé áåðåìåííîñòè. Çà ñóòêè äî êåñàðåâà ñå÷åíèÿ ïðåïàðàò îòìåíÿëñÿ ñ öåëüþ ïðîôèëàêòèêè ãåìîððàãè÷åñêèõ îñëîæíåíèé, à ÷åðåç 8 ÷ ïîñëå îïåðàöèè òåðàïèÿ âîçîáíîâëÿëàñü íà 10 äíåé, ïðè ýòîì ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü òåðàïèè ìîãëà ìåíÿòüñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ñèñòåìû ãåìîñòàçà. Òåñòû, êîòîðûå ïðèìåíÿëèñü ïðè îöåíêå ãåìîñòàçà: À×ÒÂ, ÒÝÃ, ïðîòðîìáèíîâîå âðåìÿ.
Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ
 òàáëèöå 1 ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èñõîäíîé îöåíêè ñèñòåìû ãåìîñòàçà ó ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû.
Òàáëèöà 1. Ðåçóëüòàòû èñõîäíîé îöåíêè ñèñòåìû ãåìîñòàçà ó ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû (ÑÎ – ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå).
Ïîêàçàòåëü | Ïðîñïåêòèâíàÿ ãðóïïà (n=66) | Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ãðóïïà (n=50) |
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À×Ò (ñåê.), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 27,3±3,1 | 27,1±0,5 | Ïðîòðîìáèíîâîå âðåìÿ (ñåê.), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 103±7,5 | 101±11,7 | Òðîìáèíîâîå âðåìÿ (ñåê.), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 18±1 | 17,1±2,3 | Ôèáðèíîãåí (ã/ë), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 4±0,5 | 3,5±0,3 | ÀÒ III, ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 112,5±20 | 114,8±20 | r+k (ñåê.), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 19±3 | 21±0,5 | ma (ìì), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 50±3,2 | 47,5±2,8 | ÈÒÏ (ó.å.), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 33±4 | 28±2 | Àãðåãàöèÿ òðîìáîöèòîâ ñ ÀÄÔ 1×103M(%), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 51±5 | 38±2 | Àãðåãàöèÿ òðîìáîöèòîâ ñ ðèñòîìèöèíîì 1×103M(%), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 50±3 | 40±1,5 | Ðåçèñòåíòíîñòü ê ÀÐÑ («Ïàðóñ-òåñò»), n(%) | 5 (7,6%) | 1 (2%) | D-äèìåð (ìêã/ìë), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 2,1±0,5 | 0,5±0,5 |
Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû òðîìáîôèëè÷åñêèõ íàðóøåíèé äî íàçíà÷åíèÿ ÍÌà ó ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû ïðåäñòàâëåíû â òàáëèöå 2.
Òàáëèöà 2. Ñòðóêòóðà òðîìáîôèëè÷åñêèõ íàðóøåíèé ó ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû äî òåðàïèè ÍÌÃ.
Ïîêàçàòåëü | Ïàöèåíòêè ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû (n=66) |
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Ä-äèìåð | 35 (53%) | ÒÀÒ | 38 (57,5%) | ÂÀ (+) | 10 (15,2%) | Ãîìîöèñòåèí | 11 (16,7%) | Àíòèáåòà-2-GP-1 | 12 (18,2%) | Àíòèïðîòðîìáèíîâûå àíòèòåëà | 8 (12%) | Àíòèòåëà ê àííåêñèíó V | 5 (7,6%) | ÀÊÀ | 25 (37,9%) | PAI-1 | 35 (53%) | Àãðåãàöèîííàÿ àêòèâíîñòü | 41 (62,1%) |
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ïàðàìåòðàõ ãåìîñòàçèîãðàììû èññëåäîâàííûõ ïàöèåíòîê áûëè ñëåäóþùèå èçìåíåíèÿ: ïîâûøåíèå Ä-äèìåðà îòìå÷àëîñü áîëåå ÷åì ó ïîëîâèíû ïàöèåíòîê (53%), ïîâûøåíèå óðîâíÿ êîìïëåêñà ÒÀÒ – ó 57,5%, àãðåãàöèîííàÿ àêòèâíîñòü òðîìáîöèòîâ – ó 62,1%, ÂÀ âûÿâëÿëñÿ ó 10 (15,2%) ïàöèåíòîê, ïîâûøåíèå óðîâíÿ PAI-1 â 53% ñëó÷àåâ. Ïîâûøåííîé ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîé íàêëîííîñòè íå áûëî âûÿâëåíî íè ó îäíîé ïàöèåíòêè. Ó ïÿòè ïàöèåíòîê, â àíàìíåçå êîòîðûõ áûëè òðîìáîçû â ïîñëåðîäîâîì ïåðèîäå, óðîâíè äàííûõ ìàðêåðîâ áûëè ñðàâíèòåëüíî âûøå, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì äîçû ÍÌà íàçíà÷àëèñü áîëåå âûñîêèå. Ïðè÷åì íà äàííîé òåðàïèè ê III òðèìåñòðó óðîâíè ìàðêåðîâ ó ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû áûëè ñîïîñòàâèìû ñ òàêîâûìè ó ïàöèåíòîê êîíòðîëüíîé ãðóïïû. Ðàññìîòðèì ýòó äèíàìèêó íà ïðèìåðå Ä-äèìåðà (ñì. ðèñ. 2), à òàêæå àãðåãàöèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè òðîìáîöèòîâ (ñì. ðèñ. 3).
| Ðèñóíîê 2: Äèíàìèêà óðîâíÿ Ä - äèìåðà ïîñëå íàçíà÷åíèÿ ÍÌà (íà 10-é äåíü). |
| Ðèñóíîê 3: Äèíàìèêà àãðåãàöèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè òðîìáîöèòîâ ïîñëå íàçíà÷åíèÿ òåðàïèè (íà 10-é äåíü). |
Òàêæå ïîñëå íàçíà÷åíèÿ ÍÌà îòìå÷àëîñü è ñíèæåíèå óðîâíåé ÀÔÀ-êîôàêòîðîâ, óðîâíåé àíòèòåë ê ïðîòðîìáèíó, àííåêñèíó V, áåòà-2GP-1 (ñì. ðèñ. 4). Òàêîâà áûëà äèíàìèêà è â îòíîøåíèè ãîìîöèñòåèíà.
| Ðèñóíîê 4: Äèíàìèêà ñíèæåíèÿ óðîâíÿ ÀÔÀ - êîôàêòîðîâ ó ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû íà ôîíå òåðàïèè. |
Ïîìèìî ìîíèòîðèíãà ëàáîðàòîðíûõ äàííûõ, ïàöèåíòêàì ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû ïðîâîäèëñÿ êîíòðîëü ýôôåêòèâíîñòè òåðàïèè è êëèíèêîôóíêöèîíàëüíûìè ìåòîäàìè. Íàïðèìåð, äëÿ îöåíêè ñîñòîÿíèÿ ìàòî÷íîïëàöåíòàðíîãî è ïëîäîâîïëàöåíòàðíîãî êðîâîòîêà íà ñðîêå 30-32, 34-36 è 38 íåä. ïðîâîäèëîñü ÓÇÈ ñ äîïïëåðîìåòðèåé.
 ðåçóëüòàòå òå÷åíèå è èñõîäû áåðåìåííîñòåé ó ïàöèåíòîê äàííîé ãðóïïû áûëè ñëåäóþùèìè (ñì. òàáë. 3): ÑÇÂÐÏ íàáëþäàëîñü ó 7 ïàöèåíòîê èç ãðóïïû, ó 2 ïàöèåíòîê èç ïîäãðóïïû Ià è 5 – IIa ïîäãðóïïû. Óãðîçà ïðåðûâàíèÿ áåðåìåííîñòè â ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïå ïàöèåíòîê áûëà ó 6 (9,1%): 1 (2,9%) è 6 (16,1%) â ïîäãðóïïàõ Ia è IIa, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Äîñðî÷íîãî ðîäîðàçðåøåíèÿ â Ia ïîäãðóïïå íå áûëî íè ó îäíîé ïàöèåíòêè, â ïîäãðóïïå IIà – ó 2 (6,5%), â êîíòðîëüíîé ãðóïïå òàêæå íå áûëî íè ó îäíîé ïàöèåíòêè. Ýêñòðåííîãî êåñàðåâà ñå÷åíèÿ íå ïðîèçâîäèëîñü íè ó îäíîé ïàöèåíòêè: íè ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû, íè ãðóïïû êîíòðîëÿ. Ãåñòîç ëåãêîé ñòåïåíè èìåë ìåñòî ó ïàöèåíòîê Ia, IIa è êîíòðîëüíîé ãðóïï – 1 (2,9%); 6 (16,1%) è 5 (10%) ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ðàñïåðåäåëåíèå äàííûõ ïî ãåñòîçó ñðåäíåé ñòåïåíè òÿæåñòè: 0; 2 (6,5%); 0 ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. ÏÝ ñðåäíåé è òÿæåëîé ñòåïåíåé óäàëîñü ïðåäîòâðàòèòü, òîãäà êàê ÏÝ ëåãêîé ñòåïåíè èìåëà ìåñòî ëèøü ó äâóõ ïàöèåíòîê IIa ãðóïïû, íè â Ia ïîäãðóïïå, íè â êîíòðîëüíîé ãðóïïå ñëó÷àåâ ÏÝ íå áûëî.
Òàáëèöà 3. Ñòðóêòóðà îñëîæíåíèé òå÷åíèÿ è èñõîäîâ áåðåìåííîñòåé ó ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû.
Ïîêàçàòåëü | Ïðîñïåêòèâíàÿ ãðóïïà | Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ãðóïïà (n=50) |
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Ïîäãðóïïà Ia (n=35) | Ïîäãðóïïà IIa (n=31) | Âñåãî (n=66) |
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Íàðóøåíèå ìàòî÷íîïëàöåíòàðíîãî êðîâîòîêà IA | 1 (2,9%) | 4 (13%) | 5 (7,6%) | 1 (2%) | ÑÇÂÐÏ | 2 (5,7%) | 5 (16,1%) | 7 (10,6%) | 2 (4%) | Ãåñòîç, n (%) | 1 (2,9%) | 6 (16,1%) | 7 (10,6%) | 5 (10%) | - ëåãêîé ñòåïåíè òÿæåñòè | 1 (2,9%) | 4 (13%) | 5 (7,6%) | 5 (10%) | - ñðåäíåé ñòåïåíè òÿæåñòè | 0 | 2 (6,5%) | 2 (3%) | 0 | ÏÝ | 0 | 2 (6,5%) | 2 (3%) | 0 | - ëåãêîé ñòåïåíè òÿæåñòè | 0 | 2 (6,5%) | 2 (3%) | 0 | - ñðåäíåé ñòåïåíè òÿæåñòè | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - òÿæåëîé ñòåïåíè ñòåïåíè | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Óãðîçà ïðåðûâàíèÿ áåðåìåííîñòè, n (%) | 1 (2,9%) | 5 (16,1%) | 6 (9,1%) | 5 (10%) | Äîñðî÷íîå ðîäîðàçðåøåíèå, n (%) | 0 | 2 (6,5%) | 2 (3%) | 0 | Êåñàðåâî ñå÷åíèå, n (%) | 35 (100%) | 31 (100%) | 66 (100%) | 12 (24%) | Ýêñòðåííîå êåñàðåâî ñå÷åíèå â ñâÿçè ñ êðèòè÷åñêèì ñîñòîÿíèåì ìàòåðè/ïëîäà, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷èñëî àêóøåðñêèõ îñëîæíåíèé çíà÷èòåëüíî âûøå â ïîäãðóïïå ïàöèåíòîê, íàáëþäåíèå êîòîðûõ íà÷àëîñü óæå â ïåðèîä áåðåìåííîñòè, à íå ñ ôåðòèëüíîãî öèêëà (êàê â ïîäãðóïïå Ia).
Âñå ïàöèåíòêè áûëè ðàçðåøåíû ïóòåì îïåðàöèè êåñàðåâà ñå÷åíèÿ.  êîíòðîëüíîé ãðóïïå ëèøü 12 (24%) áûëè ðàçðåøåíû ïóòåì îïåðàöèè êåñàðåâà ñå÷åíèÿ, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñâîåì â ïëàíîâîì ïîðÿäêå: èç-çà íàëè÷èÿ ìèîïèè âûñîêîé ñòåïåíè, ðóáöà íà ìàòêå ïîñëå îïåðàöèè êåñàðåâà ñå÷åíèÿ, òàçîâîãî ïðåäëåæàíèÿ ïëîäà.
Ðîäèëîñü 66 æèâûõ äåòåé, ñðåäíÿÿ ìàññà êîòîðûõ ñîñòàâèëà 3250±250 ã, ðîñò – 51±2 ñì, îöåíêà ïî øêàëå Àïãàð: 75% – 8-9 áàëëîâ è 25% – 7-8 áàëëîâ. Ðàííèé íåîíàòàëüíûé ïåðèîä ïðîõîäèë áåç îñîáåííîñòåé.
×òî êàñàåòñÿ äàëüíåéøåãî íàáëþäåíèÿ è òåðàïèè ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû: çà ñóòêè äî îïåðàöèè ïðåïàðàòû ÍÌà îòìåíÿëèñü, âîçîáíîâëÿëè òåðàïèþ ÷åðåç 8 ÷ ïîñëå îïåðàöèè. Ïðè÷åì äîçû ÍÌà âàðüèðîâàëè â çàâèñèìîñòè îò íàëè÷èÿ òðîìáîòè÷åñêîãî àíàìíåçà ïàöèåíòîê: ïðè îòÿãîùåííîì àíàìíåçå ïàöèåíòêè ïîëó÷àëè ïðåïàðàòû â äîçå 0,6-0,9 ìë, ïðè íåîòÿãîùåííîì – 0,3 ìë. ×åðåç ìåñÿö îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïåðåõîä íà âàðôàðèí, ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü òåðàïèè ñîñòàâëÿëà 6 ìåñ. (öåëåâûå ïîêàçàòåëè ÌÍÎ 2,0-3,0).
Âñå ïàöèåíòêè íàáëþäàëèñü â ðàííåì è ïîçäíåì ïîñëåðîäîâîì ïåðèîäå, ïðîâîäèëñÿ àíàëèç êëèíè÷åñêèõ ñèìïòîìîâ è êîíòðîëü ìîëåêóëÿðíûõ ìàðêåðîâ òðîìáîôèëèè. Ê 8-10-ì ñóò. ïîñëå îïåðàöèè çíà÷åíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ñíèæàëèñü, òàê æå êàê è ïîêàçàòåëè âíóòðèñîñóäèñòîãî ñâåðòûâàíèÿ. Òðîìáîãåìîððàãè÷åñêèõ îñëîæíåíèé (ïîñëåðîäîâîãî êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ, ãåìàòîìåòðû, ñóáèíâîëþöèè ìàòêè) íå âûÿâëåíî íè ó îäíîé èç ïàöèåíòîê, íå áûëî âûÿâëåíî ðàçíèöû è â îáúåìå êðîâîïîòåðè ìåæäó ïàöèåíòêàìè ïðîñïåêòèâíîé è êîíòðîëüíîé ãðóïï, òàê æå êàê è â íåîáõîäèìîñòè ãåìîòðàíñôóçèè, ÷òî ãîâîðèò î áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ ÍÌà âî âðåìÿ áåðåìåííîñòè è â ïîñëåðîäîâîì ïåðèîäå.
Èç ïðèâåäåííûõ âûøå äàííûõ (ñì. òàáë. 4) ñòàíîâèòñÿ î÷åâèäíûì, ÷òî ðàííåå íà÷àëî òåðàïèè ÍÌà ó ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé ãðóïïû ïîçâîëèëî äîñòèãíóòü ïåðèíàòàëüíûõ èñõîäîâ ñòàòèñòè÷åñêè ñðàâíèìûõ ñ òàêîâûìè â êîíòðîëüíîé ãðóïïå. Ó âñåõ ïàöèåíòîê èìåëè ìåñòî íåîñëîæíåííîå òå÷åíèå áåðåìåííîñòè è áëàãîïðèÿòíûå ïåðèíàòàëüíûå èñõîäû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî çàêëþ÷èòü, ÷òî äëÿ îïòèìèçàöèè âåäåíèÿ ñëåäóþùåé áåðåìåííîñòè è âîçìîæíîñòè ñâîåâðåìåííîãî íà÷àëà àäåêâàòíîé ïðîôèëàêòè÷åñêîé òåðàïèè âñåì ïàöèåíòêàì ñ ÏÝ â àíàìíåçå íåîáõîäèìî ïðîâîäèòü èññëåäîâàíèå ñèñòåìû ãåìîñòàçà íà íàëè÷èå ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ è ïðèîáðåòåííûõ ôîðì òðîìáîôèëèé.
Òàáëèöà 4. Ïåðèíàòàëüíûå èñõîäû ó ïàöèåíòîê ïðîñïåêòèâíîé è êîíòðîëüíîé ãðóïï (ÑÎ – ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå).
Ïîêàçàòåëü | Ïðîñïåêòèâíàÿ ãðóïïà | Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ãðóïïà (n=50) |
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Ïîäãðóïïà Ia, n=35 | Ïîäãðóïïà IIa, n=31 | Âñåãî, n=66 |
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Àíòåíàòàëüíàÿ ãèáåëü ïëîäà, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Ðîæäåíèå æèâîãî ðåáåíêà, n, (%) | 35 (100%) | 31 (100%) | 66 (100%) | 50 (100%) | Ìàññà ïðè ðîæäåíèè (ã), ñðåäíåå ± ÑÎ | 3250(±250) | 3250(±250) | 3250(±250) | 3350(±505,5) | 8-9 áàëëîâ | 29 (83%) | 20 (65,5%) | 49(75%) | 38 (76%) | 7-8 áàëëîâ | 6 (17%) | 11 (34,5%) | 17(25%) | 12 (24%) | 6 è ìåíåå áàëëîâ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Íåîáõîäèìîñòü â ïåðåâîäå â ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûé ñòàöèîíàð äëÿ âûõàæèâàíèÿ íîâîðîæäåííûõ, n(%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Âûâîäû
1. Âñåõ ïàöèåíòîê ñ ÏÝ â àíàìíåçå íåîáõîäèìî îáñëåäîâàòü íà íàëè÷èå òðîìáîôèëèè (ïðèîáðåòåííîé è ãåíåòè÷åñêîé).
2. Âûÿâëåíèå òðîìáîôèëèè (ïðèîáðåòåííîé, ãåíåòè÷åñêîé èëè ñî÷åòàííîé) ó ïàöèåíòîê ñ ÏÝ â àíàìíåçå äàåò âîçìîæíîñòü ïàòîãåíåòè÷åñêè îáîñíîâàòü ýôôåêòèâíóþ ïðîôèëàêòèêó ýòîãî îñëîæíåíèÿ ïðè ïîñëåäóþùåé áåðåìåííîñòè.
3. Äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ïîâòîðíîé ÏÝ ïðè ïîñëåäóþùåé áåðåìåííîñòè íåîáõîäèìî íà÷èíàòü òåðàïèþ ñ ôåðòèëüíîãî öèêëà, ïðîäîëæàÿ âî âðåìÿ áåðåìåííîñòè, ðîäîâ è â ïîñëåðîäîâîì ïåðèîäå. Òåðàïèÿ äîëæíà âêëþ÷àòü ÍÌÃ, âèòàìèíû ãðóïïû Â, àíòèîêñèäàíòû è ìèêðîíèçèðîâàííûé ïðîãåñòåðîí.
4. Îòìåíà ÍÌà çà 24 ÷ äî ïëàíèðóåìîé îïåðàöèè êåñàðåâî ñå÷åíèå è âîçîáíîâëåíèå åãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ ÷åðåç 8 ÷ ïîñëå îïåðàöèè ïîçâîëèëè â 100% ñëó÷àåâ èçáåæàòü ãåìîððàãè÷åñêèõ è òðîìáîòè÷åñêèõ îñëîæíåíèé.
Ëèòåðàòóðà:
1. Áàéìóðàäîâà Ñ.Ì. Ïàòîãåíåç, ïðèíöèïû äèàãíîñòèêè, ïðîôèëàêòèêè è òåðàïèè ñèíäðîìà ïîòåðè ïëîäà, îáóñëîâëåííîãî ïðèîáðåòåííûìè è ãåíåòè÷åñêèìè äåôåêòàìè ãåìîñòàçà. Äèñ. ... äîêò. ìåä. íàóê. Ì. 2007; 396 ñ.
2. Áèöàäçå Â.Î. Ïàòîãåíåç, ïðèíöèïû äèàãíîñòèêè è ïðîôèëàêòèêè îñëîæíåíèé áåðåìåííîñòè, îáóñëîâëåííûõ òðîìáîôèëèåé. Äèñ. ... äîêò. ìåä. íàóê. Ì. 2004; 251 ñ.
3. Ìàêàöàðèÿ À.Ä., Áèöàäçå Â.Î., Àêèíüøèíà Ñ.Â. Òðîìáîç è òðîìáîýìáîëèè â àêóøåðñêîãèíåêîëîãè÷åñêîé ïðàêòèêå. 2007; 151 ñ.
4. Ìàêàöàðèÿ À.Ä., Áèöàäçå Â.Î., Ñìèðíîâà Ë.Ì., Àêèíüøèíà Ñ.Â., Áàéìóðàäîâà Ñ.Ì. Òðîìáîãåìîððàãè÷åñêèå îñëîæíåíèÿ â àêóøåðñêîãèíåêîëîãè÷åñêîé ïðàêòèêå. Ðóêîâîäñòâî äëÿ âðà÷åé. Ì. 2011; 1056 ñ.
5. Alfirevic Z., Roberts D. et al. How strong is the association between maternal thrombophilia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. A systematic review. Eur. J. Obstet. Gyn. Reprod. Biol. 2002; 101 (1): 6-14.
6. Brenner B., Hoffman R., Blumenfeld Z. et al. Gestational outcome in thrombophilic women with recurrent pregnancy loss treated by enoxaparin. Thromb. Haemost. 2000 May; 83 (5): 693-7.
7. Cervera R., Piette J.C., Font J. et al. Euro-Phospholipid Project Group. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifes-tations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002. Apr; 46 (4): 1019-27.55.
8. Dossenbach-Glaninger A., van Trotsenburg M., Dossenbach M. et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 4G/5G polymorphism and coagulation factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphism: impaired fibrinolysis and early pregnancy loss. Clin. Chem. 2003 Jul; 49 (7): 1081-6.
9. Gris J.C., Mercier E., Quéré I. et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus lowdose aspirin in women with one fetal loss and a constitutional thrombophilic disorder. Blood. 2004 May 15; 103 (10): 3695-9.
10. Kovac M., Mitic G. et al. Thrombophilia in women with pregnancy-associated complications: fetal loss and pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 2010; 69 (4): 233-8.
11. Kupferminc M.J. Thrombophilia and pregnancy. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2003; 1: 111.
12. Lyall Fiona, Belfort Michael, editors. Preeclampsia. Etiology and clinical practice. Cambridge, UK. 2007.
13. Main E.K. Maternal mortality: new strategies for measurement and prevention. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2010 Dec; 22 (6): 511-6.
14. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Why Women die. Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom, 1997-1999. London. 2001.
15. Pandey M., Mantel G.D., Moodley J. Audit of severe acute morbidity in hypertensive pregnancies in a developing country. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004; 24: 387-391.
16. Saving Mothers. Third Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in South Africa 2002-2004. Department of Health, Pretoria.
17. Villar J., Abalos E., Nardin J.M., Merialdi M., Carroli G. Strategies to prevent and treat preeclampsia: evidence from randomized controlled trials. Semin. Nephrol. 2004; 24 (6): 607-15.
References:
1. Baimuradova S.M. Patogenez, printsipy diagnostiki, profilaktiki i terapii sindroma poteri ploda, obuslovlennogo priobretennymi i geneticheskimi defektami gemostaza. Dis. ... dokt. med. nauk. Doct, Diss. (Pathogenesis, principles of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the syndrome of fetal loss due to genetic defects and acquired hemostasis). Dr. diss. Moscow. 2007; 396 s.
2. Bitsadze V.O. Patogenez, printsipy diagnostiki i profilaktiki oslozhnenii beremennosti, obuslovlennykh trombofiliei. Dis. ... dokt. med. nauk. Doct, Diss. (Pathogenesis, principles of diagnosis and prevention of complications of pregnancy, due to thrombophilia). Dr. diss. Moscow. 2004; 251 s.
3. Makatsariya A.D., Bitsadze V.O., Akin’shina S.V. Thrombosis and thromboembolism in obstetric practice [Tromboz i tromboembolii v akushersko-ginekologicheskoi praktike]. 2007; 151 s.
4. Makatsariya A.D., Bitsadze V.O., Smirnova L.M., Akin’shina S.V., Baimuradova S.M. Thrombohemorrhagic complications in obstetric practice. Guidance for doctors [Trombogemorragicheskie oslozhneniya v akushersko-ginekologicheskoi praktike. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei]. Moscow. 2011; 1056 s.
5. Alfirevic Z., Roberts D. et al. How strong is the association between maternal thrombophilia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. A systematic review. Eur. J. Obstet. Gyn. Reprod. Biol. 2002; 101 (1): 6-14.
6. Brenner B., Hoffman R., Blumenfeld Z. et al. Gestational outcome in thrombophilic women with recurrent pregnancy loss treated by enoxaparin. Thromb. Haemost. 2000 May; 83 (5): 693-7.
7. Cervera R., Piette J.C., Font J. et al. Euro-Phospholipid Project Group. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifes-tations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002. Apr; 46 (4): 1019-27.55.
8. Dossenbach-Glaninger A., van Trotsenburg M., Dossenbach M. et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 4G/5G polymorphism and coagulation factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphism: impaired fibrinolysis and early pregnancy loss. Clin. Chem. 2003 Jul; 49 (7): 1081-6.
9. Gris J.C., Mercier E., Quéré I. et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus lowdose aspirin in women with one fetal loss and a constitutional thrombophilic disorder. Blood. 2004 May 15; 103 (10): 3695-9.
10. Kovac M., Mitic G. et al. Thrombophilia in women with pregnancy-associated complications: fetal loss and pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 2010; 69 (4): 233-8.
11. Kupferminc M.J. Thrombophilia and pregnancy. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2003; 1: 111.
12. Lyall Fiona, Belfort Michael, editors. Preeclampsia. Etiology and clinical practice. Cambridge, UK. 2007.
13. Main E.K. Maternal mortality: new strategies for measurement and prevention. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2010 Dec; 22 (6): 511-6.
14. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Why Women die. Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom, 1997-1999. London. 2001.
15. Pandey M., Mantel G.D., Moodley J. Audit of severe acute morbidity in hypertensive pregnancies in a developing country. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004; 24: 387-391.
16. Saving Mothers. Third Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in South Africa 2002-2004. Department of Health, Pretoria.
17. Villar J., Abalos E., Nardin J.M., Merialdi M., Carroli G. Strategies to prevent and treat preeclampsia: evidence from randomized controlled trials. Semin. Nephrol. 2004; 24 (6): 607-15.
Antithrombotic prophylaxis repeated preeclampsia in patients with thrombophilia
Zhuravleva E.V.
First Moscow State Medical Sechenov University of the Ministry of Health Russian Federation
Abstract. Objective. To evaluate the efficiency of antithrombotic therapy to prevent repeated preeclampsia in patients with thrombophilia. Subject and methods. A prospective clinical study was conducted 66 patients with thrombophilia (genetic, acquired or concomitant) and with history of preeclampsia: 35 patients addressed and were followed since fertile cycle (subgroup Ia) and 31 patients addressed during pregnancy and were followed since 6-13 weeks of gestation – IIa subgroup. Control group – 50 patients without both obstetrics and gynecology and thrombotic complications in history. Therapy included LMWG (klexan), B vitamins, antioxidants and micronized progesterone. Results. The all period of pregnancy, obstetric and perinatal outcomes were better in patients receiving therapy since fertile cycle compared with group of patients whose therapy was initiated during pregnancy.Conclusion. To prevent re-PE at a subsequent pregnancy, the therapy should be start since fertile cycle, continuing during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Therapy should include LMWH, B vitamins, antioxidants and micronized progesterone.
Key words: preeclampsia, antithrombotic therapy, LMWG, thrombophilia. |
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